Polyoxazoline-Containing Compositions Catalyzed with Onium Salt

ABSTRACT

Polyoxazoline-containing compositions cured in the presence of an onium salt catalyst are disclosed.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions comprising polymerscomprising acid functionality, a polyoxazoline curing agent and an oniumsalt group-containing catalyst.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides an onium salt catalyst for curing thereaction between polyoxazolines and polymers comprising acidfunctionality, which accelerates the cure rate and enhances theproperties of the cured composition.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a composition comprising:

(a) a polymer comprising acid functionality,

(b) a polyoxazoline, and

(c) an onium salt group-containing catalyst.

The present invention further provides a thermosetting powder coatingcomposition comprising:

(a) a polymer comprising acid functionality,

(b) a polyoxazoline, and

(c) an onium salt group-containing catalyst.

The invention also provides for a method of preparing the thermosettingpowder coating composition comprising blending the ingredients.

The invention also provides for a method of coating a substrate at leastin part with the thermosetting powder coating composition.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is directed to a composition comprising a polymercomprising acid functionality, a polyoxazoline and an onium saltgroup-containing catalyst. A “polymer comprising acid functionality”means a polymer having at least one unreacted carboxylic acid group;such a polymer can be prepared by any means known in the art.

For example, a particularly suitable polymer comprising acidfunctionality can be a polyester resin having an average of two or morecarboxyl groups. Such polyester resins are obtained by the condensationreaction between a polyol component and a polyfunctional acid component.The equivalents of acid may be in excess so an acid-functional polyesterresin typically has an acid number of at least 30, such as 30 to 60 mgKOH/g., a Tg of 20 to 70, such as 40 to 60° C. and a number averagemolecular weight of 2,000 to 8,000. Number average molecular weight (or“Mn”) as reported herein is determined by gel permeation chromatographyusing polystyrene standards.

The polyfunctional acid component can comprise compounds having two ormore carboxyl groups. Such compounds may be aliphatic or aromaticcompounds. Dicarboxylic acids are typical. Acids with higherfunctionality may be used where some branching of the polyester isdesired. Suitable examples include phthalic acid, isophthalic acid,terephthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, tetrachlorophthalicanhydride, succinic acid, azelaic acid, adipic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, citric acid, and mixtures thereof.

The polyol component used to make the polyester resin can also have anaverage functionality of at least two. The polyol component may alsocontain mono- and tri-functional polyols, as well as polyols of higherfunctionality. Diols are the typical polyols. Alcohols with higherfunctionality may be used where some branching of the polyester isdesired, and mixtures of diols and triols are often used. Suitableexamples include ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol,dipropylene glycol, butylene glycol, glycerin, trimethylolpropane,trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol,2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol and mixtures thereof.

Methods of making polyester resins are known. Polyesters are typicallyformed by heating the polyol and polyfunctional acid componentstogether, with or without catalysis, while removing water by-product todrive the reaction to completion. A small amount of a solvent, such astoluene, may be added to remove the water azeotropically. Such solventmay be removed from the polyester product before beginning formulation.

Polyester resins are also widely commercially available; a suitableexample is CRYLCOAT from Allnex.

Another suitable polymer comprising acid functionality is a(meth)acrylic polymer that typically has a number average molecularweight of 2,000 to 8,000, Tg of 30 to 100° C. and acid number of about40 to 240.

The (meth)acrylic polymer comprising acid functionality can be preparedfrom acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid ester monomers andethylenically unsaturated carboxyl functional-group containing monomers.Other ethylenically unsaturated copolymerizable monomers may also bepresent. The carboxyl functional group-containing (meth)acryliccopolymer may comprise 20 to 95 percent by weight of at least oneacrylic or methacrylic acid ester monomer having 4 to 20 carbon atoms, 5to 30 percent by weight of at least one ethylenically unsaturatedcarboxylic acid functional group-containing monomer, and 0 to 60 percentby weight of at least one other ethylenically unsaturatedcopolymerizable monomer, based on the total weight of the monomers.

Examples of acrylic acid ester monomers include methyl acrylate, ethylacrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, andn-decyl acrylate. Examples of methacrylic acid ester monomers includemethyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, n-butylmethacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, n-amylmethacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, isoamyl methacrylate, allylmethacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate,2-ethylbutyl methacrylate, cinnamyl methacrylate, crotyl methacrylate,cyclohexyl methacrylate, cyclopentyl methacrylate, methallylmethacrylate, n-octyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate,2-phenylethyl methacrylate, and phenyl methacrylate.

Examples of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid functionalgroup-containing monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid,crotonic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid and citraconicacid.

Examples of other ethylenically unsaturated copolymerizable monomersinclude vinyl aromatic monomers, such as styrene, alkyl-substitutedstyrenes, and chloro-substituted styrenes; nitriles, such asacrylonitrile; vinyl and vinylidene halides, such as vinyl chloride andvinylidene fluoride; and vinyl esters, such as vinyl acetate.

The (meth)acrylic copolymer can be made by conventional free radicalinitiated polymerization.

Suitable usable free radical initiators include benzoyl peroxide,tert-butyl hydroperoxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, andazobis(2-methylpropionitrile). Other known techniques such as emulsion,suspension and bulk polymerization may also be used to make the acryliccopolymer.

The present compositions, as noted above, further comprise apolyoxazoline. As used herein, the term “polyoxazoline” means a compoundcontaining at least two (2) oxazoline groups. Said compound may bemonomeric or polymeric. The polyoxazoline functions as a crosslinkingagent for the present compositions. The terms “crosslinker”, “curingagent” or “crosslinking agent” refer to a molecule capable of forming acovalent linkage between two or more moieties, e.g. two moieties beingpresent in two different polymeric molecules or between two differentregions of the same polymer. Suitable monomeric polyoxazolines include abis-oxazoline and/or a tris-oxazoline. The monomeric polyoxazolines canhave the following structure:

wherein n is an integer of 2 to 4; R is an n-valent organic group suchas an arylene or an alkylene radical; R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ may be the sameor different and each independently is selected of hydrogen, andsubstituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₄ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl,propyl and butyl.

Specific examples of the compound of the above formula are describedbelow:

-   -   1,2-phenylene-bis-oxazoline    -   1,3-phenylene-bis-oxazoline    -   1,4-phenylene-bis-oxazoline    -   1,2-bis(oxazolinyl-4-methyl)benzene    -   1,3-bis(oxazolinyl-4-methyl)benzene    -   1,4-bis(oxazolinyl-4-methyl)benzene    -   1,2-bis(oxazolinyl-5-ethyl)benzene    -   1,3-bis(oxazolinyl-5-methyl)benzene    -   1,3-bis(oxazolinyl-5-ethyl)benzene    -   1,4-bis(oxazolinyl-5-ethyl)benzene    -   1,2,4-tris(oxazolinyl)benzene    -   1,3,5-tris(oxazolinyl)benzene    -   1,2,4,5-tetrakis(oxazolinyl)benzene

Examples of other polyoxazolines are those of the structure:

Also, polymeric polyoxazolines may be used, such as those disclosed inco-pending Ser. No. 15/843,914 filed on even date herewith andincorporated by reference herein. An example would be the reactionproduct of a polymer containing terminal carboxylic acid groups such asa polyester polymer reacted with a bis-oxazoline. An example of such apolymeric polyoxazoline would be that of the structure:

The polymer comprising acid functionality and polyoxazoline crosslinkerare apportioned in the curable composition so that the equivalents ofpolyoxazoline to the equivalents of carboxylic acid functionality are ina ratio of 0.05:1 to 5:1 such as 0.5:1 to 2.0:1, or 1:1.

An onium salt group-containing catalyst is also used in the compositionsof the present invention. An onium salt group-containing catalyst willbe understood as referring to a catalyst having at least one onium saltgroup, examples of which are an ammonium, a phosphonium and/or asulfonium salt group.

The onium catalysts of the present invention may be represented by thefollowing formula:

wherein each R and R¹ independently is an alkyl or alkenyl (straight,branched, cyclic or substituted), having 1 (or 2 in the case of alkenyl)to 18 carbon atoms, or aryl including substituted aryl containing 6 to18 carbon atoms,

n is a positive whole integer of at least 1 (such as 2) up to thevalence of A plus one,

a is 0 or a positive whole integer of up to the valence of A (such as Aminus 1),

n plus a is equal to the valence of A plus one,

A is nitrogen, phosphorus or sulfur,

X is an anion, typically halide, such as fluoride and bromide.

Herein the valence of nitrogen and phosphorous is 3 and the valence ofsulfur is 2.

Examples of suitable onium salts include tetrabutyl ammonium fluoride,tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, ethyltriphenyl phosphonium bromide,tetrabutyl phosphonium bromide, tetraphenyl phosphonium iodide,trimethyl sulfonium chloride and triphenyl sulfonium bromide.

The amount of the polymer comprising acid functionality (a) in thecomposition can be 60 to 95, such as 75 to 90 percent by weight; (b) thepolyoxazoline can be present in amounts of 2 to 30, such as 5 to 20percent by weight. The onium salt catalyst (c) can be present in amountsof 0.1 to 10, such as 1 to 5 percent by weight. The percentages arebased on total weight of (a), (b) and (c).

The compositions of the present invention are typically thermosettingand may be used to provide decorative and/or protective coatings. Therespective coating compositions may be in liquid or powder form. Assuch, the coating compositions typically also contain certain additivesthat are typically incorporated into the compositions for coatingapplications. Such additives include colorants, fillers, flow controlagents, anti-popping agents, powder flow additives, light stabilizersand adjuvant resins. Colorant, as used herein, means any substance thatimparts color and/or other opacity and/or other visual effect to thecomposition. As used herein, the term “colorant” means any substancethat imparts color and/or other opacity and/or other visual effect, e.g.gloss, to the composition. The colorant can be added to the coating inany suitable form, such as discrete particles, dispersions, solutionsand/or flakes. A single colorant or a mixture of two or more colorantscan be used in the coatings of the present invention. Particularlysuitable for packaging coatings are those approved for food contact,such as titanium dioxide; iron oxides, such as black iron oxide; carbonblack; ultramarine blue; phthalocyanines, such as phthalocyanine blueand phthalocyanine green; ferried yellow; quindo red; and combinationsthereof, and those listed in Article 178.3297 of the Code of FederalRegulations, which is incorporated by reference herein.

Examples of suitable fillers are barium sulfate and mica. When used,fillers are present in the coating composition in amounts of 1 to 20percent by weight based on total weight of the coating composition.

Suitable as flow control agents are acrylic polymers, such as polylaurylacrylate, polybutyl acrylate, poly(2-ethylhexyl) acrylate,poly(ethyl-2-ethylhexyl) acrylate, polylauryl methacrylate, polyisodecylmethacrylate and the like. Flow control agents are available from BYKAdditives as BYK-3900 P and BYK-3950 P. The flow control agents can aidin reduction of surface tension during heating of the powder and ineliminating crater formation. Generally, the flow control agent, whenused, is present in amounts from 0.05 to 5 percent by weight based onthe total weight of the powder coating composition.

Anti-popping or gassing agents can be added when the coatingcompositions are in the form of powder coating compositions to allow anyvolatile material present to escape from the film during baking.Examples of gassing agents are benzoin and micronized wax, such as BYKCERAFLOUR available from BYK Additives. When used, gassing agents arepresent in amounts ranging from about 0.5 to about 3 percent by weightbased on total weight of the powder coating composition.

The coating compositions may also contain light stabilizers and/or UVabsorbing agents, such as TINUVIN from BASF, which, when used aretypically present in the compositions in amounts of about 0.5 to about 6percent by weight based on the total weight of the coating composition.

Examples of adjuvant resins are thermoplastic resins, such asthermoplastic polyester polymers. The thermoplastic polyesters may beprepared from the same polycarboxylic acids and polyols as thecarboxylic functional polyesters; however, the molecular weight of thethermoplastic polyesters is higher, typically higher than 15,000 Mn, andthey also differ in the absence of carboxylic acid functionality, i.e.,acid values less than 5 and usually too low to measure. Also, thethermoplastic polyesters typically contain little, if any, branching andare prepared from difunctional reactants.

For powder coating applications, the thermoplastic polyesters may beused that have melting points of at least 120° C., such as 140 to 170°C., as determined by differential thermal analysis, and glass transitiontemperature (Tg) of at least 20° C., such as 25° C.

Thermoplastic polyesters are commercially available from EMS-Griltech asGRILTEX.

Thermosetting powder coating compositions can be prepared by first meltblending the ingredients. This usually involves dry blending in aplanetary mixer and then melt blending the admixture in an extruder atelevated temperature. The extrusion temperature is high enough to allowthe resin to melt to a viscosity that produces good mixing and pigmentwetting, but is not so high that any significant amount of coreactionbetween resin and crosslinker occurs. Such melt blending is usuallycarried out from at temperatures ranging from 60° C. to 130° C.

The melt blended extrudate is then cooled and pulverized. The extrudatemay be crushed to a fine flake or granule and then ground and classifiedby sieving or other means. The maximum particle size and the particlesize distribution are controlled in the classifying step and affect thesmoothness of the final powder coating film.

Requirements for these parameters depend upon the particular use andapplication method.

Alternatively to the foregoing, one or all of the powder formulationcomponents may be dry blended into a powder formulation withoutextrusion.

Thermosetting powder coating compositions can be applied to manydifferent substrates, including metal substrates such as bare steel,phosphatized steel, galvanized steel, or aluminum; and non-metallicsubstrates, such as plastics and composites. The substrate may alreadyhave a layer of another coating, such as a layer of an electrodepositedprimer, cured or uncured, applied before applying the powder coatingcomposition.

The term “on”, when used in the context of a coating applied on asurface or substrate, includes both coatings applied directly orindirectly to the surface or substrate. Thus, for example, a coatingapplied to a primer layer overlying a substrate constitutes a coatingapplied on the substrate.

The polymer comprising acid functionality, the polyoxazoline and/or theresultant coating compositions may be substantially free, may beessentially free and/or may be completely free of bisphenol A andderivatives or residues thereof, including bisphenol A (“BPA”) andbisphenol A diglycidyl ether (“BADGE”). Such polymer comprising acidfunctionality, polyoxazoline and/or resultant coating compositions aresometimes referred to as “BPA non intent” because BPA, includingderivatives or residues thereof, are not intentionally added but may bepresent in trace amounts because of impurities or unavoidablecontamination from the environment. The polymer comprising acidfunctionality, the polyoxazoline and/or the resultant coatingcompositions can also be substantially free and may be essentially freeand/or may be completely free of bisphenol F (“BPF”) and derivatives orresidues thereof, including bisphenol F and bisphenol F diglycidyl ether(“BFDGE”). The term “substantially free” as used in this context meansthe polymer comprising acid functionality, the polyoxazoline and/or theresultant coating compositions contain less than 1000 parts per million(ppm), “essentially free” means less than 100 ppm and “completely free”means less than 20 parts per billion (ppb) of any of the above-mentionedcompounds, derivatives or residues thereof.

In addition, the polymer comprising acid functionality, thepolyoxazoline and/or the resultant coating compositions of the presentinvention may be substantially free, may be essentially free and/or maybe completely free of formaldehyde. The term “substantially free” asused in this context means the polymer comprising acid functionality,the polyoxazoline and/or the resultant coating compositions contain,and/or release on cure, less than 1000 parts per million (ppm),“essentially free” means less than 100 ppm and “completely free” meansless than 100 parts per billion (ppb) of formaldehyde compounds,derivatives or residues thereof.

The composition may also comprise a colorant, such as a pigmentedbasecoat used in conjunction with a clearcoat, or as a pigmentedmonocoat. Such coating layers are used in various industries to impart adecorative and/or protective finish. For example, such a coating orcoating system may be applied to a vehicle. “Vehicle” is used herein inits broadest sense and includes all types of vehicles, such as but notlimited to cars, trucks, buses, vans, golf carts, motorcycles, bicycles,railroad cars, boats, ships, airplanes, helicopters and the like. Itwill be appreciated that the portion of the vehicle that is coatedaccording to the present invention may vary depending on why the coatingis being used. For example, anti-chip primers may be applied to some ofthe portions of the vehicle. When used as a colored basecoat ormonocoat, the present coatings will typically be applied to thoseportions of the vehicle that are visible such as the roof, hood, doorstrunk lid and the like of a car, but may also be applied to other areassuch as inside the trunk, inside the door and the like especially whenthe compositions are formulated as sealants or adhesives; for example,the compositions can be formulated so as to have a viscosity such thatthey provide sound and/or vibration damping to a vehicle. The presentcompositions can also be applied to those portions of the vehicle thatare in contact with the driver and/or passengers, such as the steeringwheel, dashboard, gear shift, controls, door handle and the like.Clearcoats will typically be applied to the exterior of a vehicle.

The present invention is further directed to a package coated at leastin part with any of the coating compositions described above. A“package” is anything used to contain another item, particularly forshipping from a point of manufacture to a consumer, and for subsequentstorage by a consumer. A package will be therefore understood assomething that is sealed so as to keep its contents free fromdeterioration until opened by a consumer. The manufacturer will oftenidentify the length of time during which the food or beverage will befree from spoilage, which typically ranges from several months to years.Thus, the present “package” is distinguished from a storage package orbakeware in which a consumer might make and/or store food; such apackage would only maintain the freshness or integrity of the food itemfor a relatively short period. “Package” as used herein means thecomplete package itself or any component thereof, such as an end, lid,cap, and the like. For example, a “package” coated with any of thecoating compositions described herein might include a metal can in whichonly the can end or a portion thereof is coated. A package according tothe present invention can be made of metal or non-metal, for example,plastic or laminate, and be in any form. An example of a suitablepackage is a laminate tube. Another example of a suitable package ismetal can. The term “metal can” includes any type of metal can, packageor any type of receptacle or portion thereof that is sealed by thefood/beverage manufacturer to minimize or eliminate spoilage of thecontents until such package is opened by the consumer. One example of ametal can is a food can; the term “food can(s)” is used herein to referto cans, packages or any type of receptacle or portion thereof used tohold any type of food and/or beverage. “Beverage can” may also be usedto refer more specifically to a food can in which a beverage ispackaged. The term “metal can(s)” specifically includes food cans,including beverage cans, and also specifically includes “can ends”including “E-Z open ends”, which are typically stamped from can endstock and used in conjunction with the packaging of food and beverages.The term “metal cans” also specifically includes metal caps and/orclosures such as bottle caps, screw top caps and lids of any size, lugcaps, and the like. The metal cans can be used to hold other items aswell, including, but not limited to, personal care products, bug spray,spray paint, and any other compound suitable for packaging in an aerosolcan. The cans can include “two piece cans” and “three-piece cans” aswell as drawn and ironed one-piece cans; such one piece cans often findapplication with aerosol products. Packages coated according to thepresent invention can also include plastic bottles, plastic tubes,laminates and flexible packaging, such as those made from PE, PP, PETand the like. Such packaging could hold, for example, food, toothpaste,personal care products and the like.

The coating can be applied to the interior and/or the exterior of thepackage. For example, the coating can be rollcoated onto metal used tomake a two-piece food can, a three-piece food can, can end stock and/orcap/closure stock. The coating is applied to a coil or sheet by rollcoating; the coating is then cured by radiation and can ends are stampedout and fabricated into the finished product, i.e. can ends. The coatingcould also be applied as a rim coat to the bottom of the can; suchapplication can be by roll coating. The rim coat functions to reducefriction for improved handling during the continued fabrication and/orprocessing of the can. The coating can be applied to the “side stripe”of a metal can, which will be understood as the seam formed duringfabrication of a three-piece can. The coating can also be applied tocaps and/or closures; such application can include, for example, aprotective varnish that is applied before and/or after formation of thecap/closure and/or a pigmented enamel post applied to the cap,particularly those having a scored seam at the bottom of the cap.Decorated can stock can also be partially coated externally with thecoating described herein, and the decorated, coated can stock used toform various metal cans. The coating can be applied to can stock beforeformation of the can or can part, or can be applied to the can or canpart after formation.

Any material used for the formation of food cans can be treatedaccording to the present methods. Particularly suitable substratesinclude tin-plated steel, tin-free steel and black-plated steel.

Application can be by electrostatic spraying or by use of a fluidizedbed. Electrostatic spraying is the preferred method. The coating powdercan be applied in one or more passes to provide a coating film thicknessafter cure of from 25 to 400 microns, but when used as an automotiveprimer, coating thickness is generally from 50 to 250 microns. Thesubstrate can optionally be preheated before applying the powder coatingcomposition to promote uniform and thicker powder deposition.

After applying the composition to a substrate the coating is cured, suchas by heating at a temperature and for a length of time sufficient tocause the reactants to form an insoluble polymeric network. The curetemperature for powder coatings is usually 120 to 205° C. for a lengthof cure of 15 to 60 minutes. The powder coating can be cured at 170 to180° C. for 20 to 30 minutes. Usually this is the temperature range usedfor most commercial powders although powder coatings of this inventioncan often be cured below 150° C. With liquid coatings, curing is usuallyat 100 to 150° C. for about 20 to 30 minutes or at higher temperaturefor a shorter time, e.g. about 200° C. for 2 minutes.

As used herein, unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers suchas those expressing values, ranges, amounts or percentages may be readas if prefaced by the word “about”, even if the term does not expresslyappear. Also, any numerical range recited herein is intended to includeall sub-ranges subsumed therein. Singular encompasses plural and viceversa. As used herein, “a”, “an”, “the”, “at least one” and “one ormore” are used interchangeably. Thus, for example, a coating compositionthat comprises “a” polymer comprising acid functionality, “a”polyoxazoline, “an” onium salt group-containing catalyst, can beinterpreted to mean that the coating composition includes “one or more”of any such items.

Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints includeall numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2,2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.). Furthermore, disclosure of a range includesdisclosure of all subranges included within the broader range (e.g., 1to 5 discloses 1 to 4, 1.5 to 4.5, 1 to 2, etc.).

As used herein, the term “polymer” refers broadly to prepolymers,oligomers and both homopolymers and copolymers. The term “resin” is usedinterchangeably with “polymer”.

As used herein, the molecular weights are determined by gel permeationchromatography using a polystyrene standard. Unless otherwise indicated,molecular weights are on a number average basis (Mn).

As used herein, the term “thermoplastic” refers to a polymer that on arepeatable basis melts and becomes pliable or plastic on heating andhardens on cooling. Thermoplastic polymers differ from “thermosetting”polymers that form irreversible chemical bonds on curing, such as byheating. Thermoset polymers as opposed to thermoplastic polymers do notmelt when heated, rather thermosets crosslink and do not reform oncooling.

Acrylic and methacrylic monomers and polymers unless otherwise indicatedmay be designated as “(meth)acrylic”.

“Glass Transition Temperature” or Tg is determined by DifferentialScanning Calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 20° C./min, generally toa temperature of 280-300° C., in a nitrogen atmosphere. See ASTM 1356.

ASPECTS OF THE INVENTION

Non-limiting aspects of the present invention include:

-   1. A composition comprising:

(a) a carboxylic acid functional polymer,

(b) a polyoxazoline, and

(c) an onium salt group-containing catalyst.

-   2. The composition of aspect 1 in which the carboxylic acid    functional polymer comprises a polyester.-   3. The composition of aspect 1 or aspect 2 in which the carboxylic    acid functional polymer has an acid value of at least 30.-   4. The composition of any of the preceding aspects in which the    polyoxazoline comprises a tris-oxazoline.-   5. The composition of any of the preceding aspects in which the    onium salt group-containing catalyst comprises a phosphonium salt    group-containing catalyst.-   6. The composition of any of the preceding aspects in which (a) is    present in amounts of 60 to 95 percent by weight; (b) is present in    amounts of 2 to 30 percent by weight and (c) is present in amounts    of 0.1 to 10 percent by weight; the percentages are by weight based    on total weight of (a), (b) and (c).-   7. The composition of any of the preceding aspects, further    comprising one or more additives including colorants, fillers, flow    control agents, anti-popping agents, powder flow additives, light    stabilizers and adjuvant resins.-   8. The composition of any of the preceding aspects, which is a    thermosetting composition.-   9. The composition of aspect 8, which is a thermosetting powder    coating composition.-   10. A method of preparing the thermosetting powder coating    composition of aspect 9 which comprises a step of blending the    ingredients of the coating composition.-   11. The method of aspect 10, comprising dry blending the ingredients    to provide an admixture, melt blending the admixture in an extruder,    extruding the melt blended admixture, cooling the melt blended    extrudate and pulverized the cooled melt blended extrudate.-   12. A method of coating a substrate with the coating composition of    any of the preceding aspects comprising the steps of:

(i) applying the coating composition according to any of aspects 1 to 9to at least a portion of the substrate; and

(ii) curing the coating obtained in step (i) on the substrate.

-   13. The method of aspect 12, where in step (i) the coating is    applied by electrostatic spraying.-   14. The method of aspect 12 or aspect 13, where in step (ii) curing    is effected by heating the coating on the substrate.-   15. A substrate coated at least in part with a composition of any of    aspects 1 to 9.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered to aid in understanding of thepresent invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scopethereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are byweight.

Examples 1-6

Preparation of Thermoset Powder Coating Compositions

Six (6) thermoset coating compositions incorporating tris-oxazolinecrosslinker were prepared, with and without the incorporation of t-butylphosphonium bromide as catalyst.

TABLE 1 Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Example 6(Polyester (Polyester (Polyester (Polyester (Acrylic (Acrylic powder,powder, powder, powder, powder, powder, tris- tris- tris- tris- tris-tris- oxazoline, oxazoline, oxazoline, oxazoline, oxazoline, oxazoline,no with no with no with catalyst) catalyst) catalyst) catalyst)catalyst) catalyst) Uralac P800¹ 600 600 — — — — CRYLCOAT 2437² — — 500600 — — Tris-Oxazoline 30.6 30.6 30.6 30.6 56.2 56.2 crosslinker³Benzoin 3 3 3 3 3 3 Resiflow-200A⁴ 6 6 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Titanium Dioxide300 300 — — — — JONCRYL 817⁵ — — — — 600 600 t-butyl — 9.396 — 6.4 — 6.6phosphonium bromide ¹A commercially available carboxylic acid functionalpolyester resin from DSM. ²A commercially available carboxylic acidfunctional polyester resin from Allnex. ³1,3,5-tris(oxazolinyl)benzene.⁴Acrylic/silica flow and leveling control agent, commercially availablefrom Estron Chemical. ⁵A carboxylic acid functional acrylic resinavailable from BASF.

The components for Examples 1-6 were weighed and blended using a PrismBlender for 30 seconds. Extrusion of the mixture was attempted using aBP twin screw extruder at a temperature of 176° F. (80° C.). Theextruded chip was broken down/blended again using the Prism Blender, andthen classified to a particle size of 30 microns +/−5 microns.

Powder coating compositions of coating Examples 1-6 wereelectrostatically spray applied onto steel panels using a Nordson LADseries electrostatic sprayer. The powder coating compositions wereapplied at a thickness of 2 mils to 3 mils. The powder coatings wereheated in an electric oven (Despatch LAD series electric oven) fortwenty minutes at temperatures of 375° F. and 325° F. as shown in thetable below to form a coating layer. The table below shows coatingperformance properties for Examples 1-6 cured under both conditions. Forthe higher-temp cured examples in the table below, the addition ofcatalyst to both polyester formulations 1 and 3 result in an improvedsolvent resistance of the coating (only slight marring at 100 MEK doublerubs), which demonstrates a more fully crosslinked coating, due to morecomplete reaction between crosslinker and resin acid groups under thesecatalyzed conditions. For examples 5 and 6, solvent resistance, andthus, a complete reaction, or crosslinking, between crosslinker andresin acid groups, is shown to be equivalent for both un-catalyzed andcatalyzed formulas, as the higher functionality of the acrylic resin inthis example promotes better reactivity for these resins with thiscrosslinker. The lower temperature cured examples in the table belowdemonstrate the ability of the catalyst to accelerate the cure reactionbetween crosslinker and the polyester resin's acid groups, as evidencedby the increase in mar resistance in coatings 1 and 2 when cured at atemperature of 325° F. Again, because the acrylic resin is more highlyreactive, both uncatalyzed and catalyzed formulas show the sameexcellent solvent resistance under uncatalyzed and catalyzed conditions.

Solvent resistance, Coating Cure temp., ° F. Cure time, min. Adhesion¹100 MEK double rubs² Impact resistance³ 1 375 20 5B Slight marring 60 2375 20 5B Barely marred <40 3 375 20 5B Some marring 20 4 375 20 5BSlightly marred 40 5 375 20 5B No mar 30 6 375 20 5B No mar 30 1 325 205B Down to metal 40 2 325 20 5B Barely marred <40 5 325 20 5B Barelymarred — 6 325 20 5B Barely marred — ¹Crosshatch adhesion determined inaccordance with ASTM D-3359-87. The crosshatch adhesion ratio scale wasfrom 0B to 5B with 0B indicating total loss of adhesion and 5Bindicating no loss. ²100 Double rubs (back and forth) by hand with amethyl ethyl ketone (MEK) saturated cloth. ³The impact resistance wasmeasured with a Gardner Impact Tester. The coated panels were subjectedto increasing amounts of impact on the coating side until the coatingcracked. The results are reported in inch-pounds.

Whereas particular embodiments of this invention have been describedabove for purposes of illustration, it will be evident to those skilledin the art that numerous variations of the details of the presentinvention may be made without departing from the invention as defined inthe appended claims.

1. A composition comprising: (a) a polymer comprising acidfunctionality, (b) a polyoxazoline, and (c) an onium saltgroup-containing catalyst.
 2. The composition of claim 1 in which thepolymer comprising acid functionality comprises a polyester.
 3. Thecomposition of claim 1 in which the polymer comprising acidfunctionality has an acid value of at least
 30. 4. The composition ofclaim 1 in which the polyoxazoline comprises a tris-oxazoline.
 5. Thecomposition of claim 1 in which the onium salt group-containing catalystcomprises a phosphonium salt group-containing catalyst.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 1 in which (a) is present in amounts of 60 to 95percent by weight; (b) is present in amounts of 2 to 30 percent byweight and (c) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 10 percent by weight; thepercentages are by weight based on total weight of (a), (b) and (c). 7.The composition of claim 1, which is a thermosetting composition.
 8. Athermosetting powder coating composition comprising: (a) a polymercomprising acid functionality, (b) a polyoxazoline, and (c) an oniumsalt group-containing catalyst.
 9. The thermosetting composition ofclaim 8 in which the carboxylic acid functional polymer is a polyester.10. The thermosetting composition of claim 8 in which the polymercomprising acid functionality has an acid value of at least
 30. 11. Thethermosetting composition of claim 8 in which the polyoxazolinecomprises a tris-oxazoline.
 12. The thermosetting composition of claim 8in which the onium salt group-containing catalyst comprises aphosphonium salt group-containing catalyst.
 13. The thermosettingcomposition of claim 8 in which (a) is present in amounts of 60 to 95percent by weight; (b) is present in amounts of 2 to 30 percent byweight and (c) is present in amounts of 0.1 to 10 percent by weight; thepercentages are by weight based on total weight of (a), (b) and (c). 14.A method of preparing the thermosetting powder coating composition ofclaim 8 which comprises a step of blending the ingredients of thecoating composition.
 15. The method of claim 14, comprising dry blendingthe ingredients to provide an admixture, melt blending the admixture inan extruder, extruding the melt blended admixture, cooling the meltblended extrudate and pulverized the cooled melt blended extrudate. 16.A method of coating a substrate with the powder coating composition ofclaim 8 comprising the steps of: (i) applying the powder coatingcomposition to the substrate; and (ii) curing the coating on thesubstrate.
 17. The method of claim 16, where in step (i) the coating isapplied by electrostatic spraying.
 18. The method of claim 16, where instep (ii) curing is effected by heating the coating on the substrate.19. A substrate coated at least in part with the powder coatingcomposition of claim
 8. 20. The substrate of claim 19, wherein thesubstrate is a vehicle.
 21. The substrate of claim 19, wherein thesubstrate is a metal can.
 22. The coating of claim 8, further comprisinga thermoplastic polymer.